Ameriabank concludes its Triple Best campaign, which was launched to celebrate the Banks recognition as the Best Bank of Armenia for 2022 by leading international publications such as The Banker, Global Finance, and Euromoney. The ban on force-feeding relates to the background to the declaration, i.e. Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes? The case of the prisoner from the Caucasus, who in the end was happy to have been revived, is a good example of the issues which the Malta Declaration seeks to address. Inside the world of the prison, individuals may be subjected to many pressures. Some of these strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary. Young, inexperienced prison doctors, or doctors on loan from outside medical services, may often be at a loss with this type of hunger striker, not knowing what to expect from their patient. Real hunger strikers: The determined and the not-so-determined. The second-placed candidate in the polls, Raffi Hovhannisian, declared a hunger-strike in the post-election period to dispute the voting outcomes. Pressure to deliver within time; The hunger savers have to work under immense pressure such that the food they deliver stays in After much debate, in which the ICRC was officially involved, with the author of this paper actively lobbying and working on the issue, the WMA decided to draw up a new statement, the 1991 WMA Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. In March-April 2021, jailed Russian opposition leader Aleksei Navalny refused food for 24 days to protest what he called inadequate medical care and to demand that he be seen by his own doctor. Others discreetly requested medical assistance, for example in the form of a transfer to the sick-bay, where they could resume nourishment without losing face, since an intervention of this sort from an outside doctor was viewed as acceptable. Although Tokyo and Malta apply to very different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. In any case, its a good excuse not to go to class. Converse Bank has completed the distribution of bonds, On the occasion of March 8 Karen Vardanyan donated 113 million drams to 562 mothers of many children in Lori, Ucom offers Honor X9a smartphone at 4000 amd/month, plus Honor X3 wreless earbuds, 100 GB of nternet and a nce phone number, Information on Viva-MTS coverage map and technologies made publicly available, Ucom announces CEO transition. This is particularly true when politically motivated prisoners are involved. There is also a need to know whether there are any medical contraindications to fasting among the prisoners who undertake the strike, who then have a right to know of any negative implications for their health. Philip Reeker, Ucom subscribers to enjoy the best roaming rate of 8 AMD/MB in Georgia, Egypt and UAE, Ameriabank Launches Google Pay and Google Wallet Support for Card Users in Armenia, Karen Vardanyan donated 112 million drams for the medical equipment for National Center for Infectious Diseases, Google Pay is a new contactless payment option for Converse Bank customers, Ucom has introduced future network WI-FI 6E routers, Galaxy Group Member TIME celebrated its 10 years of establishment, Ookla has awarded Ucom with both The fastest fixed network in Armenia 2022 and The fastest mobile network Speedtest awards, Viva-MTS: Ongoing partnership justified results, Viva-MTS: Hand in hand against desertification. What happens to the human body when it doesn't have enough nutrients for such a long period of time? The second type of food refuser is the determined food refuser . The attitude of certain doctors to these collective strikes has sometimes been just as politicized as that of the striking prisoners. Are the suicidal too?} The solution is for one to recognize reality, and figure out ways to overcome it. What they have In this sense the reactive food refuser will cling to the prison doctor, whom he will expect to monitor him, preferably place him under observation in hospital, and take whatever measures are necessary to keep him in good health. Finally, it will make a case for respecting the informed decision to accept or refuse medical assistance made by prisoners whose fasting is a genuine last resort protest in custodial settings. While the goal might be to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. She received no special favors from anyone. (This position based on respect for a patients integrity and his right to refuse treatment, was the exact opposite of the attitude held earlier in the century, when political hunger strikers were force-fed by court order in 1909. Hunger strikes by prisoners all over the world are a much more common occurrence than in the past, as any prison governor (and the media) is well aware. In Staempfli (ed) Revue Pnale Suisse (Bern), Vol 106. While we are ready for dialogue with Azerbaijan, we have red lines, that we will not violate. Although the ICRC sent a team with a medical doctor to see the fasting prisoners (as was widely reported in the press at time), the hunger strikers in this case refused to accept any outside medical mediation. More important, it will be possible to determine whether fasting prisoners have really agreed to fast, or whether they have merely been obliged to obey instructions from the group. This Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. Individuals held in custody may go on hunger strikes for a variety of reasons. It therefore seems appropriate to begin by defining exactly what is meant by the rather sombre term hunger strike. Even after a protester decides to end a hunger strike, there is the potential risk of "refeeding syndrome." If, however, a prisoner at an advanced stage of a hunger strike is restored to consciousness or to a physiological situation where there can be no doubt about his state of mind, and that prisoner clearly indicates disapproval of the doctors action, then the doctor should be prepared to step back and not intervene again. Galaxy Group of Companies and Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie Sign Memorandum of Understanding, "The Woman": Viva-MTS project dedicated to women's month, We believe in the potential of our team and Armenia. This so-called "Russian method" of protest, as it was described by several media outlets at the time, was later used by British suffragettes, with the first one being held by Marion Wallace Dunlop in 1909. Several examples will be given from actual field experience to illustrate the different types of situation encountered when dealing with hunger strikes. Unlike the food refuser category, in which prisoners generally fast alone - with a lot of publicity, as in the case of the reactive refuser, or in silence, as in the case of the determined refuser - prisoners who go on real hunger strike often fast in groups, or at least have individual volunteers from the group take up a prolonged fast. ), gastro-intestinal disorders (gastritis, ulcers, etc.) As is well known, the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Tokyo of 1975 prohibits any participation in torture, whether actively, passively or through use of medical knowledge, by a medical doctor. Real hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . In its work over the years with prisoners throughout the world, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has come across many different types of hunger strikes - and food refusal too. Prison doctors in relatively benign systems will carry out whatever medical duties are prescribed in such cases. Fasting prisoners will be in the spotlight; their every action will come under observation. WebHunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick. It may be a local incident, such as a change of cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept. (Outside doctors have published their observations following the end of the strike in Turkish medical publications: see Forensic Sciences meeting in Antalya, Turkey, 1995. The thought that government might entitle her to favored treatment, because she (and I for that matter) is considered disadvantaged is an insult! After two weeks, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination, and a low heart rate. (This sometimes led to bitter arguments, with some hunger strikers telling their families they would never forgive them if they broke the strike by asking for medical assistance on their behalf. I will conclude with thoughts on how mass incarceration can be cost effective on the taxpayers and communities. Lockouts can have three purposes: 1. 111 million drams from Mikael Vardanyan to 157 disabled children of Tavush. Summary: This leads to fat and muscle loss as well as changes in the body's processes. The primary aim of the pressure thus exerted is to shame the authority into giving in to whatever demands are being made by the protesters as is described by WB Yeats in The Kings ThreshoId: if a man Be wronged, or think that he is wronged, and starve Upon anothers threshold till he die, The common people, for all time to come, Will raise a heavy cry against the threshold, Even though it be the Kings. Araik Harutyunyan participated in the extraordinary session of the National Assembly, Statement of the Foreign Ministry of Armenia on the Azerbaijani provocation in the Lachin Corridor, An extended session of the Security Council was held in Artsakh, it was decided to appeal to the command of the Russian peacekeeping troops, Smart Infrastructures panel discussion in participation of the ICT companies and Public Services Regulatory Commission, The Artfor's art for more: artists save lives, Ameriabank named the Bank of the Year 2022 in Armenia by The Banker Magazine, Favorite Armenian stickers in Viber are now animated, Ameria PhonePOS. This is particularly true in countries where individual rights, or even human rights in general, are perhaps not fully respected. It may include liver dysfunction, heart arrhythmia, and pulmonary, neurological, or other symptoms. This is certainly a misconception. A current study investigating the effect of intermittent vs. continuous feeding is awaited to provide insight into the effect of muscle wasting. The key issue in a hunger strike is that voluntary total fasting should indeed be voluntary . November 30, 2021. Theyve got themselves convinced that they are noble martyrs to some lofty cause. Hunger or malnutrition not only affect the health of people but it also ruin future generations. If the most famous hunger striker of all was arguably Mahatma Gandhi, who fasted mainly outside prison, the most widely known prisoners who conducted a hunger strike must be Bobby Sands and nine other Irish inmates of the Maze prison who starved themselves to death in 1981. First, there is no medical reason to force-feed a physically and mentally healthy person who has been fasting for only 10 - 12 days. Pressure on or from the family of a hunger striker may also cloud the issue, and the doctor will have to take this factor into account in any negotiation with the fasting prisoner. Any advice they give may be interpreted by the hunger strikers as a ploy by the authorities to dissua de them from fasting. ICRC physicians, as independent outside doctors, often have a crucial role to play as medical intermediaries in such situations. This syndrome occurs as a result of shifts in fluids and electrolytes, meaning that giving too much food or fluids too quickly may be dangerous and potentially fatal. In most cases, there will be no ethical dilemma, as the issue of force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise. Gegham Stepanyan, During the SSS Holidays India Vizag 2023, Triple S VC announced its second investment of 2023 in a startup called Denovo Sciences. All prisoners who " refuse food are not always genuine hunger strikers, but may take up voluntary total fasting for a variety of reasons. Malta offers doctors the opportunity to give the fasting prisoner a last chance. How serious these strikes actually were depended on various factors. Each can be further divided into two sub-categories. lower labour required. This act by a doctor, which has become known as Kalks refusal, is an example of precisely what was intended by the hunger strike proviso of the Tokyo Declaration. The whole idea of separating how we deal with each other in terms of oppressed, racial and ethnic victim categories was patently ridiculous and unworkable in the first place. Pressure from families may have opposite results, a family sometimes urging the doctor to put a medical end to the strike, or conversely insisting that a prisoners decision to fast should not be undermined by any medical meddling. The advantages and disadvantages of labor unions show us that there are positive and negative outcomes which are generated when any group can wield power. Prisoners and prison authorities know this, and both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own advantage. She was later moved to a different prison. There may be a general - often political - cause behind it, such as obtaining some sort of status for the prisoners. All rights reserved.Reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am. The implications for doctors dealing with hunger strikers will vary considerably according to the type of fasting involved, and the real purpose behind the refusal to eat. Bobby Sands, a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), starved himself to death in 1981 after 66 days on hunger strike while demanding to be treated as a political prisoner, not as a criminal. The idea is to drum up sympathy from any available sources, inside or outside the prison system. Consciously or subconsciously, according to context, culture and intellect, he will expect to be taken care of long before there is any danger to his health from fasting. It is inappropriate to assert, however, that hunger strikers should be placed in the same category as persons intending to commit suicide. In this case, the prisoner refuses to eat, and if questioned by a guard or even the doctor, he will say he is on hunger strike. On April 6, 2016, she started a "dry" hunger strike, refusing both food and fluids. For example, it is generally expected that a responsible society will not allow a preventable death, so authorities might face consequences from the public or censure by foreign institutions. Hunger-strike, as a form of a political struggle, is quite widely spread in the history of the newly independent Armenia. Hunger strikes by protesters not actually in custody can take various forms, but are not the issue here. Artsakh MFA, Statement on the 33rd anniversary of the Armenian pogroms in Baku, -Evoca Mobile POS: mPOS. It may be for a whole variety of reasons, but nearly always concerns only the prisoner himself, and is not part of a more widespread protest. The person may experience difficulty swallowing, vertigo, hearing and vision loss, and possible organ failure. Disadvantages of Agrarian Culture. State Department, There is no word yet on sending CSTO peacekeeping troops to Armenia, we hope that the conflict will be resolved peacefully. He demanded the release of all Ukrainian political prisoners being held in Russia. She was forced to end the fast after nine days due to her health. Heeding the informed consent of a hunger striker, confirmed within the trust of the docto r-patient relationship, and respecting the intrinsic dignity of the fasting prisoner is certainly part of the doctors duty in looking after the patients welfare. On his personal website, the Armenian clinical psychologist, Mihrdat Madatyan, speaks of a special method of fasting designed for treating depressions. Soviet dissident Anatoly Marchenko went on several hunger strikes and died in prison in 1986, most likely from complications of a hunger strike. Changes are possible. He ended the hunger strike 24 days later after his doctors warned him that he was at risk of suffering cardiac arrest. This was the key issue behind the inclusion of Article 5 relating to hunger strikes. When they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. A case involving the application of Article 5 which occurred in South Africa in 1989 attracted widespread comment. (Soldiers charging a heavily defended enemy position also run the risk of dying. See also Ismir in the last hunger strikes Dr. Zaki Gul, in Toplum ve Hekim, Eyll-Aralik 1996.) patient experiences mixed feelings while on fasting. Whatever the situation, doctors will invariably be involved one way or another, and it is therefore essential that they are familiar with the relevant issues. This results in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several times the profits of the country. Second, these people are not opposed to racial discrimination in principle. Fasting has been used as a visible means of protest in many cultures at least since Roman times. Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov, arrested in Crimea in 2014 after Russia's forcible annexation, started a hunger strike on May 14, 2018. situations of torture. For doctors working with prisoners or within a prison service, there is also the question of medical monitoring of fasting prisoners, and ultimately - albeit rarely - the issue of medical intervention to stop a hunger strike, mainly by force-feeding. Sadly, there are also some cons to this solution. The striker does not want to die: on the contrary, he wants to live better, by obtaining something for himself, his group or his country. There are several reasons why authorities usually don't want a hunger striker to die. Fasting in such cases may become the only means of protesting against, or demanding attention from, the authorities. * Re: UCI, Protesters Ignore Deadline (Oct. 29). Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. As hunger strikes often occur among prisoners protesting in countries affected by conflict, ICRC doctors are often confronted with hunger strikers. She launched several hunger strikes, including one that was 83 days long. ), In the Irish strikes, the prisoners families were very much involved and communicated with the prison doctors. Not all so-called hunger strikes are the same. My GPA right now is 3.6; so what do I need that program for? This is America. Many were released from prison, but others were forcibly fed. Newly independent Armenia strikes often occur among prisoners protesting in countries where individual rights, or symptoms. Protest in many cultures at least since Roman times convinced that they are noble martyrs to some cause... 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